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The discipline increased rapidly, with numerous books on the subject appearing in the 1990s. Formal theories of have actually concentrated on establishing a "manga expression theory", with focus on spatial relationships in the structure of images on the page, differentiating the medium from film or literature, in which the circulation of time is the standard arranging element.

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The publication of Frederik L. Schodt's in 1983 caused the spread of usage of the word manga outside Japan to mean "Japanese comics" or "Japanese-style comics". Coulton Waugh tried the first comprehensive history of American comics with The Comics (1947 ). Will Eisner's (1985) and Scott Mc, Cloud's (1993) were early attempts in English to formalize the study of comics.

Popular American attempts at meanings of comics consist of Eisner's, Mc, Cloud's, and Harvey's. Eisner described what he called "sequential art" as "the plan of images or images and words to tell a story or dramatize an idea"; Scott Mc, Cloud defined comics as "juxtaposed pictorial and other images in purposeful series, planned to convey info and/or to produce a visual response in the viewer", a strictly formal meaning which detached comics from its historical and cultural features.

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Harvey defined comics as "pictorial narratives or expositions in which words (often lettered into the image location within speech balloons) typically contribute to the meaning of the pictures and vice versa". Each definition has actually had its critics.  天空漫画  saw Mc, Cloud's meaning as leaving out single-panel cartoons, and challenged Mc, Cloud's de-emphasizing spoken aspects, insisting "the important attribute of comics is the incorporation of verbal material".

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Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the excellent difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in various languages. The French term for comics, ("drawn strip") stresses the juxtaposition of drawn images as a specifying aspect, which can indicate the exemption of even photographic comics. The term is utilized in Japanese to show all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.